Regular expression

A regular expression describes a set of strings. The simplest regular expression is one that has no special characters in it. For example, the regular expression hello matches hello and nothing else.

Nontrivial regular expressions use certain special constructs so that they can match more than one string. For example, the regular expression hello|word matches either the string hello or the string word.

As a more complex example, the regular expression B[an]*s matches any of the strings Bananas, Baaaaas, Bs, and any other string starting with a B, ending with an s, and containing any number of a or n characters in between.

A regular expression for the REGEXP operator may use any of the following special characters and constructs:

• ^

  Match the beginning of a string.

  mysql> SELECT 'fo\nfo' REGEXP '^fo$';                   -> 0
  mysql> SELECT 'fofo' REGEXP '^fo';                      -> 1

• $

  Match the end of a string.

  mysql> SELECT 'fo\no' REGEXP '^fo\no$';                 -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'fo\no' REGEXP '^fo$';                    -> 0
  

• .

  Match any character (including carriage return and newline).

  mysql> SELECT 'fofo' REGEXP '^f.*$';                    -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'fo\r\nfo' REGEXP '^f.*$';                -> 1
  

• a*

  Match any sequence of zero or more a characters.

  mysql> SELECT 'Ban' REGEXP '^Ba*n';                     -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'Baaan' REGEXP '^Ba*n';                   -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'Bn' REGEXP '^Ba*n';                      -> 1
  

• a+

  Match any sequence of one or more a characters.

  mysql> SELECT 'Ban' REGEXP '^Ba+n';                     -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'Bn' REGEXP '^Ba+n';                      -> 0
  

• a?

  Match either zero or one a character.

  mysql> SELECT 'Bn' REGEXP '^Ba?n';                      -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'Ban' REGEXP '^Ba?n';                     -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'Baan' REGEXP '^Ba?n';                    -> 0
  

• de|abc

  Match either of the sequences de or abc.

  mysql> SELECT 'pi' REGEXP 'pi|apa';                     -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'axe' REGEXP 'pi|apa';                    -> 0
  mysql> SELECT 'apa' REGEXP 'pi|apa';                    -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'apa' REGEXP '^(pi|apa)$';                -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'pi' REGEXP '^(pi|apa)$';                 -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'pix' REGEXP '^(pi|apa)$';                -> 0
  

• (abc)*

  Match zero or more instances of the sequence abc.

  mysql> SELECT 'pi' REGEXP '^(pi)*$';                    -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'pip' REGEXP '^(pi)*$';                   -> 0
  mysql> SELECT 'pipi' REGEXP '^(pi)*$';                  -> 1
  

• {1}, {2,3}

  {n} or {m,n} notation provides a more general way of writing regular expressions that match many occurrences of the previous atom (or “piece”) of the pattern. m and n are integers.

  • a*

    Can be written as a{0,}.

  • a+

    Can be written as a{1,}.

  • a?

    Can be written as a{0,1}.

  To be more precise, a{n} matches exactly n instances of a. a{n,} matches n or more instances of a. a{m,n} matches m through n instances of a, inclusive.

  m and n must be in the range from 0 to RE_DUP_MAX (default 255), inclusive. If both m and n are given, m must be less than or equal to n.

  mysql> SELECT 'abcde' REGEXP 'a[bcd]{2}e';              -> 0
  mysql> SELECT 'abcde' REGEXP 'a[bcd]{3}e';              -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'abcde' REGEXP 'a[bcd]{1,10}e';           -> 1
  

• [a-dX], [^a-dX]

  Matches any character that is (or is not, if ^ is used) either a, b, c, d or X. A - character between two other characters forms a range that matches all characters from the first character to the second. For example, [0-9] matches any decimal digit. To include a literal ] character, it must immediately follow the opening bracket [. To include a literal - character, it must be written first or last. Any character that does not have a defined special meaning inside a [] pair matches only itself.

  mysql> SELECT 'aXbc' REGEXP '[a-dXYZ]';                 -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'aXbc' REGEXP '^[a-dXYZ]$';               -> 0
  mysql> SELECT 'aXbc' REGEXP '^[a-dXYZ]+$';              -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'aXbc' REGEXP '^[^a-dXYZ]+$';             -> 0
  mysql> SELECT 'gheis' REGEXP '^[^a-dXYZ]+$';            -> 1
  mysql> SELECT 'gheisa' REGEXP '^[^a-dXYZ]+$';           -> 0
  

Changing PORT number in XAMMP

if you are on windows, open C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Apache2.2\conf and look for a file called httpd.conf. In that file, find the following section

#
# Listen: Allows you to bind Apache to specific IP addresses and/or
# ports, instead of the default. See also the
# directive.
#
# Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to
# prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses (0.0.0.0)
#
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80

Simply change the number after the word Listen to the port you want it to use. Save the file and restart Apache. Be aware though that you will have to reconfigure any firewalls and routers

to forward requests to your new port. Also, some people may have problems accessing your website if it is not on port 80 or the alternative 8080.